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<h3 id="&#x6837;&#x672C;">&#x6837;&#x672C;</h3>
<p>&#x6837;&#x672C;&#xFF08;sample&#xFF09;&#x662F;&#x4ECE;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x51FA;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x7684;&#x96C6;&#x5408;&#x3002;</p>
<h3 id="&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;">&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;</h3>
<p>&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#xFF08;sampling unit&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6240;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x3002;</p>
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<h3 id="&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;">&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;</h3>
<p>&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;&#xFF08;sampling frame&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x53C8;&#x79F0;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x5C06;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x6240;&#x6DB5;&#x76D6;&#x7684;&#x5168;&#x90E8;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7F16;&#x53F7;&#x6392;&#x5217;&#x800C;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x6E05;&#x5355;&#x3002;</p>
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<p>&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;&#x4E5F;&#x53EB;&#x6982;&#x7387;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF09;&#x548C;&#x975E;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;&#x4E5F;&#x53EB;&#x975E;&#x6982;&#x7387;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF09;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x968F;&#x673A;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#xFF0C;&#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x540C;&#x7B49;&#x51E0;&#x7387;&#x8FDB;&#x5165;&#x5230;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x6709;&#x540C;&#x7B49;&#x51E0;&#x7387;&#x88AB;&#x62BD;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#xFF1A;</p>
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<li>&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</li>
<li>&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</li>
<li>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</li>
<li>&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</li>
</ol>
<p>&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x53EF;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;&#x5076;&#x9047;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF09;</li>
<li>&#x914D;&#x989D;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;&#x5B9A;&#x989D;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF09;</li>
<li>&#x6EDA;&#x96EA;&#x7403;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;&#x673A;&#x7F18;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF09;</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;simple random sampling&#xFF09;&#x662F;&#x4ECE;&#x542B;&#x6709; N &#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x62BD;&#x53D6; n &#x4E2A;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x5168;&#x90E8;&#x7684; N &#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x76F8;&#x7B49;&#x7684;&#x6982;&#x7387;&#x88AB;&#x62BD;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x6709;&#xFF1A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x6570;&#x3001;&#x67E5;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x6570;&#x8868;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x8F83;&#x5C0F;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x6709;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x6709;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;systematic sampling&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x4E3A; N &#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x51FA; n &#x4E2A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x8BBE;&#x60F3;&#x5C06;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x7684; N &#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x89C4;&#x5B9A;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x5185;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x4E8B;&#x5148;&#x89C4;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x89C4;&#x5219;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x4E2D;&#x6700;&#x4E3A;&#x5E38;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x7B49;&#x8DDD;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x7B49;&#x8DDD;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x662F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x4E3A; N &#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x62BD;&#x53D6; n &#x4E2A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x8BBE;&#x60F3;&#x5C06;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x7684; N &#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#xFF0C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CF;&#x5360;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x767E;&#x5206;&#x6BD4;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#x5C31;&#x62BD;&#x53D6; 1 &#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#x542B; n &#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;<code>k=N/n</code>&#x3002;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x56DB;&#x820D;&#x4E94;&#x5165;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x76F4;&#x7EBF;&#x7B49;&#x8DDD;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x4E0E;&#x5FAA;&#x73AF;&#x7B49;&#x8DDD;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</p>
<p>&#x7B49;&#x8DDD;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x662F;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#x4E0E;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6392;&#x5217;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#x6027;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x3002;</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&#x5047;&#x5982;&#x5BF9;&#x67D0;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#x53F0;&#x67D0;&#x5E74;&#x5185;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x65E5;&#x8282;&#x76EE;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#x4E3A; 7&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x4F1A;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x90FD;&#x51E0;&#x79CD;&#x5728;&#x661F;&#x671F;&#x51E0;&#x7684;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#x3002;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>&#x89E3;&#x51B3;&#x7684;&#x529E;&#x6CD5;&#x6709;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x638C;&#x63E1;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x6392;&#x5217;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#xFF0C;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x9002;&#x5F53;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x6253;&#x4E71;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x6392;&#x5217;&#x7684;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#x6027;&#x3002;</li>
</ol>
<p>&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x8F83;&#x5927;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;</li>
<li>&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x7684;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x6392;&#x5217;</li>
<li>&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x8F83;&#x9AD8;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x8D28;&#x6027;</li>
<li>&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x76F8;&#x5DEE;&#x4E0D;&#x5927;</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;stratified sampling&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x5404;&#x4E2A;&#x6784;&#x6210;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x5F02;&#x8D28;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x524D;&#x63D0;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x5C06;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x4E92;&#x4E0D;&#x91CD;&#x53E0;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x5C42;&#xFF08;stratification)&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x518D;&#x4ECE;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5C42;&#x4E2D;&#x5206;&#x522B;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6240;&#x8C13;&#x201C;&#x5C42;&#x201D;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x6240;&#x8BF4;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x201D;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x603B;&#x4F53;-&gt;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x5C42;-&gt;&#x518D;&#x5728;&#x5404;&#x4E2A;&#x5C42;&#x4E2D;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x5B50;&#x6837;&#x672C;-&gt;&#x5B50;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5408;&#x5E76;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x4E0E;&#x539F;&#x5219;</p>
<p>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x5728;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x548C;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x81F4;&#x6027;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#xFF08;&#x5982;&#x5E74;&#x9F84;&#x3001;&#x5B66;&#x5386;&#x3001;&#x7C4D;&#x8D2F;&#x7B49;&#xFF09;</li>
<li>&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x5E94;&#x4E0E;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x5C42;&#x4E0E;&#x5C42;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x5E94;&#x5F53;&#x5728;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#x4E0A;&#x5468;&#x5EF6;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x5E94;&#x5C3D;&#x91CF;&#x5F02;&#x8D28;&#xFF0C;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x5C42;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x5E94;&#x5C3D;&#x91CF;&#x540C;&#x8D28;&#x3002;</li>
</ol>
<p>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x6309;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6309;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x5404;&#x5B50;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5728;&#x603B;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x6240;&#x5360;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B; = &#x5404;&#x5C42;&#x5728;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x603B;&#x6240;&#x5360;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x975E;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;&#x6700;&#x4F18;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5404;&#x5B50;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5728;&#x603B;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x6240;&#x5360;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x4E0D;&#x7B49;&#x4E8E;&#x5404;&#x5C42;&#x5728;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x4E2D;&#x6240;&#x5360;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x3002;</li>
</ol>
<p>&#x5728;&#x975E;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x8FDB;&#x5165;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x6982;&#x7387;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#xFF0C;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x65F6;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4FEE;&#x6B63;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x975E;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5404;&#x5C42;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x6700;&#x4F18;&#x5316;&#x6216;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4E13;&#x95E8;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x67D0;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x8F83;&#x5C0F;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;</li>
<li>&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x3002;</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;cluster sampling&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x82E5;&#x5E72;&#x4E2A;&#x201C;&#x7FA4;&#x201D;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x201C;&#x7FA4;&#x4E3A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x4ECE;&#x4E2D;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5E38;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x7FA4;&#x6709;&#x73ED;&#x7EA7;&#x3001;&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x3001;&#x5B66;&#x9662;&#x3001;&#x90E8;&#x95E8;&#x7B49;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x91C7;&#x7528;&#x5206;&#x7EA7;&#xFF08;&#x5206;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#xFF09;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x4E5F;&#x53EB;&#x505A;&#x591A;&#x7EA7;&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x591A;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x3002;</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF1A;&#x8981;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x5168;&#x56FD;&#x9AD8;&#x6821;&#x6BD5;&#x4E1A;&#x751F;&#x9605;&#x8BFB;&#x503E;&#x5411;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x53EF;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x56DB;&#x4E2A;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x6309;&#x7701;&#x3001;&#x76F4;&#x8F96;&#x5E02;&#x3001;&#x81EA;&#x6CBB;&#x533A;&#x7B49;&#x7701;&#x7EA7;&#x884C;&#x653F;&#x533A;&#x5212;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#xFF1B;&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4E2A;&#x7701;&#x4E2D;&#x6309;&#x9AD8;&#x6821;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#xFF1B;&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x9AD8;&#x6821;&#x4E2D;&#x6309;&#x5B66;&#x9662;&#x6216;&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x5728;&#x5B66;&#x9662;&#x6216;&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x4E2D;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x6BD5;&#x4E1A;&#x751F;&#x3002;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>&#x591A;&#x7EA7;&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x5E73;&#x8861;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x548C;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x591A;&#x7EA7;&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x7279;&#x5927;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x65E0;&#x9700;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x4F53;</li>
<li>&#x65E0;&#x9700;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6846;</li>
</ol>
<p>&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x6700;&#x5177;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x6210;&#x672C;&#x9AD8;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5F88;&#x5177;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x6210;&#x672C;&#x4F4E;&#x4E8E;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x80FD;&#x5F88;&#x597D;&#x4FDD;&#x8BC1;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x6210;&#x672C;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x9AD8;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x591A;&#x7EA7;&#x6574;&#x7FA4;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x80FD;&#x4FDD;&#x8BC1;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x6210;&#x672C;&#x8F83;&#x4F4E;&#x3002;</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;convenience sampling&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x53C8;&#x79F0;&#x5076;&#x9047;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x6765;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5178;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x662F;&#x8857;&#x5934;&#x62E6;&#x622A;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#xFF0C;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x98DF;&#x5802;&#x95E8;&#x53E3;&#x53D1;&#x653E;&#x95EE;&#x5377;&#x7B49;&#x7B49;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x9075;&#x5FAA;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#x7684;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4FBF;&#x5229;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#x6700;&#x5DEE;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x6210;&#x672C;&#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x8F83;&#x4F4E;&#x3002;</p>
<h3 id="&#x914D;&#x989D;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x914D;&#x989D;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x914D;&#x989D;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;quota sampling&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x5206;&#x6210;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x8BBE;&#x5B9A;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x6570;&#x989D;&#xFF0C;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x6570;&#x989D;&#x5728;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x4E2D;&#x5206;&#x522B;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x914D;&#x989D;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E8E;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x91C7;&#x7528;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x62BD;&#x53D6;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;</p>
<h3 id="&#x6EDA;&#x96EA;&#x7403;&#x62BD;&#x6837;">&#x6EDA;&#x96EA;&#x7403;&#x62BD;&#x6837;</h3>
<p>&#x6EDA;&#x96EA;&#x7403;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF08;snowball sampling&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x79F0;&#x673A;&#x7F18;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x63A8;&#x8350;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6EDA;&#x96EA;&#x7403;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x4EBA;&#x7FA4;&#x7684;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x9AD8;&#x6863;&#x6D88;&#x8D39;&#x54C1;&#x6216;&#x5962;&#x4F88;&#x6D88;&#x8D39;&#x54C1;&#x7684;&#x8D2D;&#x4E70;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;">&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;</h2>
<p>&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<p><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mtable side="right"><mlabeledtr><mtd><mtext>(&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#x4E00;)</mtext></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2248;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>&#x3B1;</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>&#x3C3;</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><msup><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mlabeledtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">
\tag{&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#x4E00;} n \approx \dfrac{(Z_{\alpha/2})^2\sigma^2}{E^2}
</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.48312em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathit">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&#x2248;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.2453079999999996em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5593079999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.740108em;"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7451999999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.34480000000000005em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathit mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">&#x3B1;</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3551999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">&#x3C3;</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height:2.2453079999999996em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord cjk_fallback">&#x516C;</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">&#x5F0F;</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">&#x4E00;</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ol>
<li>&#x5176;&#x4E2D; n &#x4E3A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CF;</li>
<li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>&#x3C3;</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sigma^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">&#x3C3;</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5DEE;&#xFF0C;&#x53CD;&#x6620;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x503C;&#x548C;&#x6574;&#x4F53;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x503C;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x504F;&#x79BB;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x3002;</li>
<li>E &#x4E3A;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5747;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x767E;&#x5206;&#x6BD4;&#x8BBE;&#x5B9A;&#x3002;</li>
<li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>&#x3B1;</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Z_{\alpha/2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.03853em;vertical-align:-0.3551999999999999em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.34480000000000005em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathit mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">&#x3B1;</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3551999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x4E3A;&#x53EF;&#x9760;&#x6027;&#x7CFB;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x7F6E;&#x4FE1;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x7F6E;&#x4FE1;&#x5EA6;&#x4E3A; 95%&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>&#x3B1;</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Z_{\alpha/2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.03853em;vertical-align:-0.3551999999999999em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.34480000000000005em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathit mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">&#x3B1;</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3551999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x7B49;&#x4E8E; 1.96&#x3002;&#x8BE5;&#x503C;&#x53EF;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x67E5;&#x8868;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x89C6;&#x4E3A;&#x5DF2;&#x77E5;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x3002;</li>
</ol>
<p>&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x6709;&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x503C;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>&#x3C3;</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sigma^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">&#x3C3;</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x548C; E&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x8BE5;&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x6545;&#x6709;&#x4E86;&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x4E2A;&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<p>&#x5047;&#x8BBE;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5747;&#x503C;&#x4E3A; y&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h=E/y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathit">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span>&#xFF0C;&#x5F15;&#x5165;&#x53D8;&#x5F02;&#x7CFB;&#x6570;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>&#x3C3;</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C=\sigma/y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">&#x3C3;</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span>&#x3002;&#x4E0A;&#x4E00;&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x9664;&#x4EE5; y&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x6709;</p>
<p><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mtable side="right"><mlabeledtr><mtd><mtext>(&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#x4E8C;)</mtext></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2248;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>&#x3B1;</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>C</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac><mo>&#x2A7D;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>&#x3B1;</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mlabeledtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">
\tag{&#x516C;&#x5F0F;&#x4E8C;} n \approx \dfrac{(Z_{\alpha/2})^2C^2}{h^2} \leqslant \dfrac{(Z_{\alpha/2})^2}{h^2}
</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.48312em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathit">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&#x2248;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.2453079999999996em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5593079999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.740108em;"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7451999999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.34480000000000005em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathit mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">&#x3B1;</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3551999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel amsrm">&#x2A7D;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.2453079999999996em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5593079999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.740108em;"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7451999999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathit" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.34480000000000005em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathit mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">&#x3B1;</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3551999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">&#x200B;</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height:2.2453079999999996em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord cjk_fallback">&#x516C;</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">&#x5F0F;</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">&#x4E8C;</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;&#x548C;&#x7F6E;&#x4FE1;&#x5EA6;&#x6765;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x5047;&#x8BBE;&#xFF1A;C=0.4&#xFF09;</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>&#x7F6E;&#x4FE1;&#x5EA6;</th>
<th>1%</th>
<th>2%</th>
<th>3%</th>
<th>4%</th>
<th>5%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>95%</td>
<td>6147</td>
<td>1537</td>
<td>683</td>
<td>384</td>
<td>246</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>90%</td>
<td>4330</td>
<td>1082</td>
<td>481</td>
<td>271</td>
<td>173</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x7ECF;&#x9A8C;&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x503C;</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;</th>
<th>&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>100 &#x4EBA;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;</td>
<td>50%&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>100-1000 &#x4EBA;</td>
<td>50%-20%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1000-5000</td>
<td>30%-10%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5000-10000</td>
<td>15%-3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 &#x4E07;-10 &#x4E07;</td>
<td>5%-1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10 &#x4E07;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;</td>
<td>1%&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x6700;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x63A8;&#x8BBA;&#x603B;&#x7FA4;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x7279;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x786E;&#x4FDD;&#x63A8;&#x8BBA;&#x7684;&#x51C6;&#x786E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x5316;&#x3001;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6027;&#x4E0E;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x3002;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x591A;&#x4E3A;&#x8D85;&#x8FC7;&#x5343;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x6CD5;&#x4E0E;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x9700;&#x6C42;&#x4E0E;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x5B66;&#x539F;&#x7406;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x7684;&#x7EC4;&#x6570;&#x8D8A;&#x591A;&#xFF0C;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x8D8A;&#x591A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x6709; 30 &#x4E2A;&#x88AB;&#x8BD5;&#x624D;&#x80FD;&#x7EF4;&#x7CFB;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x7684;&#x6B63;&#x6001;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x6709; K &#x7EC4;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x6570;&#x5219;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x4E3A; 30 &#x7684; K &#x500D;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x9700;&#x6C42;&#x8FD8;&#x4E0E;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x65F6;&#x7684;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x6D89;&#x53CA;&#x5230;&#x91CF;&#x8868;&#x7684;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x56E0;&#x7D20;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#xFF08;factor analysis&#xFF09;&#x4E3A;&#x4F8B;&#xFF0C;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x6570;&#x7EA6;&#x4E3A;&#x9898;&#x76EE;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x7684; 10 &#x500D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; 50 &#x9898;&#x7684;&#x91CF;&#x8868;&#xFF0C;&#x9700;&#x8981; 500 &#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x6B64;&#x624D;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x8F83;&#x4E3A;&#x7A33;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4ECE;&#x6574;&#x4F53;&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x56E0;&#x7D20;&#x6709;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ol>
<li>&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;</li>
<li>&#x4F30;&#x8BA1;&#x7684;&#x628A;&#x63E1;&#x6027;&#x4E0E;&#x7CBE;&#x786E;&#x6027;&#x8981;&#x6C42;</li>
<li>&#x603B;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x5F02;&#x8D28;&#x6027;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;</li>
<li>&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x76EE;&#x6807;</li>
<li>&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;</li>
<li>&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;</li>
<li>&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x7684;&#x9700;&#x6C42;</li>
<li>&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x8005;&#x6240;&#x62E5;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x7ECF;&#x8D39;&#x3001;&#x4EBA;&#x529B;&#x548C;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;</li>
<li>&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6536;&#x96C6;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF08;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x7387;&#x3001;&#x95EE;&#x5377;&#x53D1;&#x653E;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF09;</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x6587;&#x732E;">&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x6587;&#x732E;</h2>
<ol>
<li>BAXTER L A, BABBIE E R. The basics of communication research[M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.</li>
<li>&#x90B1;&#x7693;&#x653F;. &#x91CF;&#x5316;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E0E;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x5206;&#x6790;[M]. &#x91CD;&#x5E86;: &#x91CD;&#x5E86;&#x5927;&#x5B66;&#x51FA;&#x7248;&#x793E;, 2013.</li>
</ol>
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